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Global Capitalism: Its Fall and Rise in the Twentieth Century
Voici mes notes sur le livre de Jeffrey A. Frieden, Global Capitalism: Its Fall and Rise in the Twentieth Century. Cet article est différent, puisque c’est mon premier article en français. C’est sûr qu’il y a beaucoup d’erreurs dans cet article, mais c’est ma façon d’apprendre.
Prologue: vers le XXe siècle
Apres le Bataille de Waterloo en 1815, commence le Pax Britannica, une période de paix relative en Europe pendant cent ans jusqu’à 1914.
Avant et vers le début du 19e siècle, le mercantilisme était la politique économique des monarques d’Europe. Les mercantilistes prônent le développement économique des nations au moyen d’un commerce extérieur. Il y a une tentative de maximiser les exporattions et de minimiser les importations, donc dégageant un excédent de la balance commerciale.
Cependant, la révolution industrielle qui avait déjà commencé vers les années 1770 a motivé les fabricants britanniques à s’opposer aux politiques mercantilistes, parce que les nouvelles machines leur ont permis de surpasser toute le monde, s’il pouvaient importer des aliments et des matériaux moins chers, et exporter leurs produits manufacturés. Également, s’ils exportaient des produits industriels vers d’autres pays, ces pays seraient moins susceptibles de développer leurs propres industries. Les banquiers de Londres bénéficieraient également de la possibilité pour leurs débiteurs d’accéder au marché britannique afin de pouvoir rembourser les banquiers. Finalement les pays industriels ont abandonné le mercantilisme au profit du libre-échange.
Les progrés technologiques, notamment dans le domaine du transport et de la circulation de l’information, ont permis la création d’un réseau commercial mondial plus vaste. En raison de découverte d’importants gisements d’argent, la valeur d’echange de l’argent ont reduit, et l’or est devenu le monnaie standard du monde, établissant ainsi une monnaie mondiale unique qui a encore amélioré le commerce mondial.
Or, tout le monde n’a pas profité de l’économie mondiale. La Grande Dépression de 1875-1896 a réduit les prix presque partout et en réponse, certains pays, par exemple les États-Unis, sont devenus opposés à l’or, et d’autre pays comme l’Allemagne ont augmenté ses droits de douane, dans l’espoir de protéger leurs agriculteurs et leurs fabricants. Ces événements ont ravivé les aspirations colonialistes, et augmenté les tensions entre les grandes puissances du monde.
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درآمیختگی زبان و فرهنگ
هنگامی که از پارسی‌گویی با دوستانم سخن میگویم، پرسشی که بسیار آورده می‌شود، «چرا» است. این پرسش بجا است، برای همین در این نوشته میکوشم از دید خودم پاسخی به این پرسش بدهم.
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I want to breathe in…
I want to breathe in an old Roman library
I want to breathe in the smell of Turkish cafe in Izmir
I want to breathe in the dusty air of a caravansaray in Kerman
I want to breathe in the rainforest in Amazon, when it’s raining
I want to breathe in loud sweaty nightclubs in Europe -
On Efficiency of Animals and Machines
I find comparing animals and machines absurd, because of course, animals win! What am I talking about here, what am I comparing? I’ve had multiple occasions where I have had to defend the stance that animals, and in general, biological beings are much more efficient and intelligent than human-made machines and AI. Let’s first set the stage.
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Snippets from Mosaddegh’s Memoirs
I have been reading Mosaddegh’s memoirs, specifically the two books Brief Account of My Life and Memoirs and Summary of the Nationalisation of Oil Industry in Iran, and I found reading the second book very troubling, reading how foreign countries such as Britain at the time played with Iran.
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Why I don’t recommend Ireland when asked
I have been living in Ireland for the past three years, and when asked about what I think of Ireland, and more specifically when people ask me for my perspective to factor in their decision to move to Ireland or not, I usually don’t recommend Ireland, and here I will explain why.
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پارسی خودمونی
با یکی از دوستام برای بهبود پارسیمون، یکسره پارسی گفت و گو میکنیم، و چیزی که برای هردومون گیرا بوده اینه که کوششمون برای پارسی گویی، بیشتر مارو به راستای نا‌خودمونی گفتن میبره.
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پارسی مینویسم
از روی کنجکاوی، بر آن که تا چه اندازه در زبانی که با آن گویش میکنیم، از واژه‌های عربی، فرانسوی، انگلیسی و یا دیگر زبان‌ها بهره میبریم، در این نوشتار و نوشتار‌های آینده‌ی خود کوشش میکنم تا از واژه‌های وام گرفته شده از زبان‌های دیگر بهره نگیرم.
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Middle Persian & Pahlavi script
Middle Persian, the successor of Old Persian from Achaemenid Empire, was used by the Sassanian Empire of Iran, and is the ancestor of Modern Persian, which is currently the official language of Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan. This language has been written using multiple scripts, including Pahlavi script, Manichaean script and Pazend. This blog post is the most brief introduction to Middle Persian using Pahlavi script, a script derived from imperial Aramaic.
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Uganda: eighteen days in Africa
I and a friend of mine from Iran decided to go to Uganda to explore the country, culturally and ecologically. This is our first trip to Africa so we learned a lot and had a lot of new experiences! Our idea was to volunteer to have free accommodation and food as much as possible and also to be able to experience the local culture of people more closely. We wanted to talk their language, dance their dance, follow their customs and also see the beautiful land and animals.
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Rukiga: An African Language
During my trip to south of Uganda I interacted with people who mainly spoke a local language called Rukiga (pronounced ruʃɪga). They said there is no dictionary for their language as of yet (although it is apparently being worked on), so I just kept asking them to teach me words and phrases and their grammar bit by bit. So here I’m sharing what I learned from my friends here in Uganda with you. Thanks to Tabitha and Tutamuzongoza and Jovan Tumwijukye specially who taught me and my friend a lot of these words and they spent time correcting the writing and pronunciation.
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You can read my blog posts using
curlI realised that my blog and its content, even though very simple and lightweight, are only accessible using a full-fledged web browser. I thought it would be interesting if my blog posts were available to be read using an even simpler interface, cURL!
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Embodying the Avatar in Videogames
Videogames are a pervasive part of lives of children and adults alike, with 73% of Americans older than 2 years engaging with them (Group, 2019). Playing videogames can be seen as an activity that is done through our fingertips and with our visual apparatus focused on a screen, without involvement of the rest of our body, and it is usually considered as such from a cognitivist point of view (Campbell, 2012) (Gee, 2003) (Klimmt & Hartmann, 2006) however this raises the question of whether videogames can alternatively be thought of as an embodied experience, and if so, how can we formulate them as such, and what factors are at play?
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What is
Box<str>and how is it different fromStringin Rust?Today I and a friend went down a rabbit hole about Rust and how it manages the heap when we use
Box, orString, orVec, and while we were at it, I found out there is such a thing asBox<str>, which might look a bit strange to an untrained eye, since most of the time thestrprimitive type is passed around as&str. -
On Inherent Subjectivity of Some Things
As a computer scientist and someone who loves mathematics and abstractions, I was obsessed with the idea of rationality, that is, an objective and absolute rationality, however I ended up in a philosophy course that showed me the opposite.
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A Fear of Worlds Unknown
When it comes to ethics, the impossibly hard question of ethics, we get dizzy when we try to think about relativity of it. The ideas of 4E cognition and imminence have been closer to my heart than the alternative approaches, however, I have always been dumbfounded by the question of ethics in such a framework.
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Depression as an Umwelt
Von Uexküll’s A Stroll Through the Worlds of Animals and Men is my favourite reading of the module so far, and it made me think about the relation of depression and the Umwelt, and what better time than our pandemic to think about these things with first-hand experiences.
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Iran Sanctions: A Story of Discrimination and Isolation
Let me take you through a story on what it feels like to be isolated from the world, not by choice, but rather, by force. This is a story of discrimination, of monopoly, of people shrugging to these issues and of utterances that affect lives of millions.
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Going Self-Hosted: Moving away from Google and others
Since 3 years ago, I have always been eager to move away from Google and other privacy-invading companies. I have had my successes and failures in doing so, here I’m going to put out my stack of tools for moving away from Google and going self-hosted.
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Mathematical Induction for proving tiling methods
On my way towards self-taught data science, I’ve stumbled upon the need to be proficient with mathematical proofs, so I picked up the amazing How To Prove It: A Structured Approach by Daniel J. Velleman; and I’ve been fascinated by mathematical proofs since then.
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Typoclassopedia: Exercise solutions
I wanted to get proficient in Haskell so I decided to follow An [Essential] Haskell Reading List. There I stumbled upon Typoclassopedia, while the material is great, I couldn’t find solutions for the exercises to check against, so I decided I would write my own and hopefully the solutions would get fixed in case I have gone wrong by others. So if you think a solution is wrong, let me know in the comments!
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DIY Cardboard Kindle Stand (for bed)
I’ve had a Kindle for more than a year now, but I’ve only recently started to read books on it frequently, I used to read paperworks before that, and I still do sometimes prefer paperbooks if available. Anyways, my Kindle has helped me to fall asleep without struggling with all my thoughts, all I have to do is read until I fall asleep, so in a way, it has also been a remedy for my insomnia.
Now to read the Kindle in bed, you would have to hold it using your hands or buy a stand or make one, motivated by The Pursuit of Laziness I set to create mine, but I didn’t use a piece of steel, instead I used a single box of cardboard I had in home to create one in minutes. :D
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Difference between Travis CI tests: PR and Push
I just want to leave this here as I often tend to look it up myself and the first time it was not as easy to figure out.
When using Travis CI along with GitHub (or other git integrations), Travis runs two tests:
prandpush.
Most of the time you see both tests passing and you do not have to even wonder how they are different, but it has happened to me that one of the tests fails while the other passes and I started to wonder why.
pr The
prtest is a test run on the result of a merge betweenthe pull-request branch and the main branch. As an example, let’s say your pull-request’s branch is called
fix-user-authand your main branch ismaster, in this case,prmergesfix-user-authintomasterand then runs the tests on the result of the merge.push On the other hand,
pushis run on the pull-request branchitself, without merging. So in our example above, Travis would checkout to
fix-user-authand run the tests.A case of difference
A case in which this difference might be more apparent is when your pull-request is based on a branch other than
master, and some changes that your pull-request depends on are missing frommaster, in this case thepushtest may pass, but theprtest will fail. -
Primitive Living Lessons Learned, Episode 0
So I just went on my first primitive living practice trip in the woods, alone, with only a pocket knife.
I decided I’m going to share the lessons I’ve learned in each trip as they are certainly going to be useful if you want to practice primitive living, I would find these useful if I could find them anywhere. I spend a lot of time reading and watching primitive living guides and experience reports, but they are never exhaustive, and this series is not meant to be exhaustive either.
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Don’t chase: Become the good one
When it comes to relationships, most (unsuccessful) people are chasing the good ones. They spend time trying to find their dream partner, the perfect match, but hey, do you qualify as the dream partner of your dream partner? You fantasize about your dream partner, but have you ever thought what kind of partner does he/she dream of?
I want
an angel with… -
Stop High-Frequency Fuck-ups
High-Frequency Fuck-Ups:
The cyclic process of “pushing yourself hard for a week, getting something done, and then feeling depressed and fucked up for the next week”
Sounds familiar? Read on.
Visual demonstration of High-Frequency Fuck-ups -
Immortals go extinct
We are all going to die, we all know that well.
Now I want to take you to a world of immortals where humans don’t die, they live and live and live and… you know, live. From now on, pretend I’m a human on this world of immortals, I’m immortal bitches.
There is
no campfire because they don’t need it -
BroadcastChannel API
BroadcastChannel API is a new API used to communicate between same-origin tabs opened by the same user.
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